The Investigative Judgment InvestigatedBy Ernesto Gil and Dirk Anderson
Mrs. White and the Adventist pioneers devised a unique doctrine called the "Investigative Judgment." This doctrine splits the Atonement into two parts. The Atonement began when Jesus died on the cross. Then, a second phase of the Atonement—the Investigative Judgment—began in 1844 when Christ supposedly entered the Most Holy Place. During this investigation Christ examines the life of each believer. He started with Adam and Eve and has proceeded down through the ages, judging all the dead believers. When He is finished with their cases, He will begin judging the living believers who are alive near the end of time. During this Investigative Judgment God makes a decision on every case. He either blots out the sins of the believer from the heavenly sanctuary, or else he removes the name of the believer from the Book of Life. When His judgment has been completed, the door of probation will be shut and Jesus will return to earth to reward those whose names remain in the Book of Life. Is this doctrine logically and Biblically sound?
Ellen White Contradicts the Bible
Ellen White: Every name is examined, starting with AdamAs the books of record are opened in the Judgment, the lives of all who have believed on Jesus come in review before God. Beginning with those who first lived upon the earth, our Advocate presents the cases of each successive generation, and closes with the living. Every name is mentioned, every case closely investigated. Names are accepted, names rejected.1 BIBLE: God already knows who are His ownI am the good shepherd, and know my sheep (John 10:14). According to the Bible, God already knows who are His sheep. What is there to investigate that God does not already know? Before the world was created He already knew exactly who would be saved and who would be lost. He does not need over years to figure out who is saved and who is lost. In 2022, the Frontier supercomputer performed over a quintillion calculations per second. Surely the Father is smarter than the fastest supercomputer! If He really wanted to closely investigate the cases that He is already fully aware of, He could perform the task in less than a nanosecond.
Ellen White: Every individual MUST pass the Investigative JudgmentHow important, then, that every mind contemplate often the solemn scene when the Judgment shall sit and the books shall be opened, when, with Daniel, every individual must stand in his lot, at the end of the days.2 BIBLE: Believers in Christ do not enter into an investigative judgmentTruly, truly, I say to you, he who hears my word and believes him who sent me, has eternal life; he does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life (John 5:24 RSV). According to the Bible, the Atonement was completed on the Cross. It is finished. While every believer will stand before the judgment seat of Christ to receive a reward for their works (2 Cor. 5:10), God needs no investigation to determine the reward because He already knows everything. In the Bible, there is no investigative judgment to determine whether a believer is worthy of salvation. Believers are made worthy by the blood of Christ.
Ellen White: The sins of believers are NOT BLOTTED OUT until AFTER the investigative judgmentBut, according to the unerring word of God, every man will be judged and rewarded according as his works have been, and we are admonished to so speak and to so do as 'they that shall be judged by the law of liberty.' When sin has been repented of, confessed, and forsaken, then pardon is written against the sinner's name; but his sins are not blotted out until after the investigative judgment.3 BIBLE: Sins of believers are blotted out when they repentI have blotted out, as a thick cloud, thy transgressions, and, as a cloud, thy sins: return unto me; for I have redeemed thee (Isaiah 44:22). Ellen White: By 1850, Jesus' work of investigating the cases of believers was "almost finished"I then saw Brother Edson that he must gird on the whole armor and stand in readiness to go, for a journey was before him, and that souls needed help and that Jesus' work was almost finished in the sanctuary... (1850)4 BIBLE: The Atonement was finished on the CrossJesus said, "It is finished" (John 19:30). The Bible teaches that Christ's atonement on the cross has perfected (past tense) His children. Christians are not made perfect during the Investigative Judgment period. If a believer is "in Christ," then he was made perfect 2,000 years ago through Christ's perfect sacrifice on Calvary. There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit (Rom. 8:1). Ellen White: Jesus began a second phases of the Atonement in 1844It is this coming, and not his second advent to the earth, that was foretold in prophecy to take place at the termination of the 2300 days, in 1844. Attended by heavenly angels, our great High Priest enters the holy of holies, and there appears in the presence of God, to engage in the last acts of his ministration in behalf of man,—to perform the work of investigative Judgment, and to make an atonement for all who are shown to be entitled to its benefits.5 BIBLE: Christians had received Atonement by 50 A.D.!Paul, writing his letter to the Romans in approximately 50 A.D., declares that Christians living in the first century had already received (past tense) the atonement: ...we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement (Rom. 5:11). Paul is talking about the same "atonement" that Ellen White was talking about—having the merits of Christ applied to the individual believer. Paul said this atonement was already received by believers in the first century.
Examples of People Who Bypassed the Investigative Judgment
Biblical ExamplesMrs. White said "all" must pass through the investigative judgment to determine whether or not they will be saved.6 On the contrary, the Bible teaches that the cases of many people have been decided before the Investigative Judgment:
The Case of William MillerMrs. White emphatically stated that none could be saved who rejected the light upon the Sabbath: If they have light upon the Sabbath, they cannot be saved in rejecting that light. James White noted that William Miller, although acquainted with the Sabbath message, eventually rejected it: It is proper here to state that Mr. Miller did not view the second message as we do. Neither did he change his views upon the immortality and Sabbath questions.12 Despite his rejection of the "Sabbath light" Mrs. White indicates Miller will be saved: God suffered him to fall under the power of Satan, the dominion of death, and hid him in the grave from those who were constantly drawing him from the truth. Moses erred as he was about to enter the Promised Land. So also, I saw that William Miller erred as he was soon to enter the heavenly Canaan, in suffering his influence to go against the truth. Others led him to this; others must account for it. But angels watch the precious dust of this servant of God, and he will come forth at the sound of the last trump.13 William Miller's case is very interesting. Here we have a man who rejected the Sabbath truth—a truth that Mrs. White said must be accepted in order for one to be saved—and yet she saw in vision that he was saved. Furthermore, Mrs. White declares William Miller to be righteous BEFORE his case came up! This raises some important questions:
The Case of Mrs. HastingsIn 1850 Mrs. White wrote: I saw that she [Mrs. Hastings] was sealed and would come up at the voice of God and stand upon the earth, and would be with the 144,000. I saw we need not mourn for her; she would rest in the time of trouble.14 Once again, here is a case being decided before the Investigative Judgment. How were William Miller and Mrs. Hastings able to "beat the system" and be declared righteous before their cases came up in the Investigative Judgment?
Brothers Fitch and Stockman, and OthersIn 1845, Ellen Harmon claimed to have had a vision where she was in heaven with the redeemed. After being shown the tree of life, Ellen met some brethren who had passed away prior to 1845: We all went under the tree, and sat down to look at the glory of the place, when Bro. Fitch, and Stockman, who had preached the gospel of the kingdom, whom God had laid in the grave to save them, came up to us and asked us what we had passed through while they were sleeping.15 God must have already decided the cases of these two recently deceased believers by Dec. 20, 1845, otherwise He would never have shown Ellen Harmon a vision with them in heaven. In the same vision, she also sees a number of Biblical heros in heaven: "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Noah, Daniel, and many like them."16 Therefore, in addition to the cases of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—whom the Bible tells us are righteous—Mrs. White adds Noah, Daniel and "many" others. All these cases must have been decided within fourteen months of the inception of the Investigative Judgment.
Cases of the Wicked Already Decided?Apparently the case of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) was already decided by 1854 when Ellen White published the following quote: Thomas Paine, whose body has now moldered to dust and who is to be called forth at the end of the one thousand years, at the second resurrection, to receive his reward and suffer the second death, is represented by Satan as being in heaven, and highly exalted there.17 In 1858, Mrs. White announced that Napoleon (1769-1821) will be one of the resurrected wicked who leads an attack upon the righteous at the end of the Millennium: There was the proud, ambitious Napoleon, whose approach had caused kingdoms to tremble.18
How Slow is God?Ellen White taught that the judgment commenced on October 22, 1844, with Adam, and would proceed through every generation of the dead. Then, after the cases of all the dead are decided, the investigation of the living commences: In 1844 our great High Priest entered the most holy place of the heavenly Sanctuary, to begin the work of the investigative Judgment. The cases of the righteous dead have been passing in review before God. When that work shall be completed, judgment is to be pronounced upon the living.19 By 1850, the Investigative Judgment was nearly completed. On July 29, 1850, Mrs. White claims an angel told her this in vision: Said the angel, Jesus' work is almost finished in the sanctuary.20 If Jesus was nearly finished in 1850, what has He been doing the last years? Let us examine the time-line. On Dec. 20, 1845, a mere 14 months after the Investigative Judgment commenced, Sister White said she saw Brothers Fitch and Stockman in heaven. Levi Stockman died on June 25, 1844. Charles Fitch died on October 14, 1844. Therefore, by the end of 1845 the Investigative Judgment had already progressed to the point that all the people who died up until October of 1844 had been judged. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that roughly 4,000 years of history passed before the birth of Christ, then by 1845, 14 months after the Investigative Judgment is purported to have begun, 5,844 years of human history had been judged. The rate of judgment is over 5,000 years of actual history per year of Investigative Judgment. Then, there is apparently a dramatic slowdown, because the next case Mrs. White writes about being decided was that of Sister Hastings, who apparently died around 1850. That means that from 1845 to 1850, God only managed to investigate about 6 years of human history. After 1850, there have been around years of Investigative Judgment, and the rate has fallen to roughly one year of human history for every year of judgment. If this downward trend continues, the rate may soon fall below one, which means the Investigative Judgment will never end!
What the Bible Teaches
The Pre-advent JudgmentWhile the Bible never teaches an Investigative Judgment as described by Mrs. White, it does describe a pre-advent judgment. The first angel of Revelation 14 announces that the time for God's judgment has come (Rev. 14:6). In heaven a court sits and the books are opened (Dan. 7:10) and a judgment takes place. What is the purpose of this judgment? The Bible is very specific: But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his [little horn power] dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end (Dan. 7:26). This judgment is not a courtroom investigation but a sentencing of the wicked. The purpose of the judgment is to sentence the wicked who have filled up the cup of God's wrath. God is judging (punishing) them by taking away their dominion and giving it to the saints (Dan. 7:27). The punishment of the wicked is clearly indicated in the third angels' message: The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb (Rev. 14:10). The truth is that there is nothing in Daniel 7 or Revelation 14 describing an Investigative Judgment of the righteous. The only judgment described in these passages is the execution of God's judgment (punishment) upon the wicked. This is the purpose of the pre-advent judgment. The heavenly court sentences the wicked to destruction. Then, the judgment is executed upon them: Their kingdom is taken away from them and they are tormented with fire and brimstone until they are destroyed.
The Truth of the GospelIf you are a believer in Jesus Christ as your substitute, He was judged in your place on the cross. He paid the price for all sin for all time. His righteousness has been credited to your account. The good news of the judgment is that all who believe and trust in the life, death, and resurrection of Christ can say with assurance, "I've been acquitted!" We have already been judged in Christ. "There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus" (Romans 8:1). Those who reject the gospel, judge themselves unworthy of eternal life. Those who accept the gospel have passed from death into life and will not enter into the condemnation of judgment (John 5:24).
Citations1. Ellen White, The Great Controversy (1888), 483. 2. Ibid., 483. 3. Ellen White, The Signs of the Times, May 16, 1895. 4. Ellen White, Manuscript Releases vol. 6, 250. 5. Great Controversy, (1888), 479. 6. Ibid., 483. 7. Ellen White, "To Those who are receiving the seal of the living God," January 31, 1849, para. 8. 8. Ibid. 9. Ellen White, Desire of Ages, 301. 10. Ibid., 786. 11. Ellen White, Historical Sketches, 234; Manuscript 5, 1849, written Sept. 23 at Topsham, Maine, a summary of remarks made by Ellen White in vision, unpublished and on file at the White Estate. 12. James White, Sketches of the Christian Life and Public Labors of William Miller. 13. Ellen White, Early Writings, 258. 14. Ellen White, Selected Messages, vol. 2, 263. 15. Ellen White, The Day-Star, January 24, 1846. 16. Ibid. 17. Ellen White, Supplement to the Christian Experience and Views of Ellen G. White, 8. 18. Ellen White, Spiritual Gifts vol. 1, 215. 19. Ellen White, Review and Herald, March 22, 1887, para. 9. 20. Ellen White, Manuscript 5, 1850. Manuscript Releases, vol. 18, 10-13.
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